Age:
Mississippian
Type designation:
Type locality: The Ste. Genevieve Limestone was named by Shumard (1860, p. 406; 1873, p. 293-294) for exposures in the bluff of the Mississippi River south of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri (Smith, 1970; Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). At the type locality the formation is about 100 ft (30 m) thick (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986).
History of usage:
History of name in Indiana: The name “Ste. Genevieve Limestone” was mostly suppressed in favor of the term “St. Louis Limestone” until it was revived by Ulrich and Smith (1905) (Smith, 1970; Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). Beede and others (1915, p. 207) suggested that the Ste. Genevieve Limestone is present in Indiana, but it remained for Cumings (1922, p. 507) to use the name directly (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). Before that time, rocks now designated as the Ste. Genevieve in Indiana had been assigned to the Mitchell Limestone (see under "Blue River Group") or to the Paoli or St. Louis Limestones (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986).
Although Cumings's description was not thorough, use of the name “Ste. Genevieve” was continued in Indiana (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). Only much later were comprehensive descriptions of the formation and its subdivisions in Indiana presented (McGrain, 1943?; Malott, 1952; Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). As described by Malott (1952, p. 8-10), the Ste. Genevieve extended from 20 ft (6 m) or so below the Lost River Chert Bed near the base of the formation to the top of the Bryantsville Breccia Bed, and it consisted in ascending order of the Fredonia, Rosiclare Sandstone, and Levias Members (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). The Ste. Genevieve was later placed in the middle of the Blue River Group by Gray, Jenkins, and Weidman (1960, p. 48) (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986).
Carr, Rexroad, and Gray (1986) noted that the top of the Ste. Genevieve in subsurface usage was placed at the base of the Aux Vases Formation, a position that was generally considered to be somewhat lower stratigraphically than in Indiana outcrop usage. They noted that the Ste. Genevieve of Indiana surface usage therefore differs from usage in the subsurface and in type areas in Illinois.
Droste and Carpenter (1990, p. 14-15) noted that the outcrop partitioning of the Ste. Genevieve was not suitable for use in the subsurface. In their study, they divided the Ste. Genevieve in the subsurface into three members, in ascending order, the Fredonia Member, the Karnak Member, and the Joppa Member. They note that this nomenclature is generally equivalent to members of the same name in Illinois.
Description:
The Ste. Genevieve Limestone in Indiana is a carbonate-rock sequence that is 45 to 220 ft (14 to 67 m) thick and that thickens southward and southwestward (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). Its constituent beds are composed largely of oolitic, skeletal, micritic, and detrital limestone (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). Shale, dolostone, sandstone, and chert compose about 10 percent of the combined Paoli and Ste. Genevieve Limestones (Carr, Leininger, and Golde, 1978, p. 14; Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). The Ste. Genevieve crops out in a northward-narrowing belt from the Ohio River in Harrison and Crawford Counties to west-central Putnam County (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). It is present throughout the Indiana subsurface south of the central parts of Parke and Vermillion Counties and west of its outcrop belt (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986).
The upper contact of the Ste. Genevieve with the Paoli Limestone is somewhat uneven but seems to represent only a minor depositional break (Perry and Smith, 1958, p. 32-33; Gray, Jenkins, and Weidman, 1960, p. 50; Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). North from central Putnam County the Ste. Genevieve is disconformably overlapped by Pennsylvanian rocks (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). Carr, Rexroad, and Gray (1986) note that opinion on the St. Louis-Ste. Genevieve boundary in Indiana ranges from one of unconformity (Bates, 1932, p. 268) to one of transition (Perry, Smith, and Wayne, 1954, p. 30), and according to some opinion (for example, Woodson, 1982), the boundary should be placed somewhat higher above the Lost River Chert Bed.
Correlations:
Carr, Rexroad, and Gray (1986) noted that the correlation of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone of Indiana usage is beset with problems associated with the upper boundary, the lower boundary, and certain members of the formation.
Platycrinites penicius has been reported in the Bryantsville Breccia Bed at the top of the Karnak Member of Indiana, and Talarocrinus has been reported in the overlying Paoli Limestone (Malott, 1952, p. 9, 12; Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). The presence of these fossils indicates that the Ste. Genevieve-Paoli boundary closely approximates the Valmeyeran-Chesterian boundary (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). In the subsurface, Droste and Carpenter (1990, fig. 2) correlated the Fredonia Member and Lost River Chert Bed of Indiana with the Fredonia Limestone and Spar Mountain Sandstone Members of Illinois; the Karnak Member of Indiana with the Karnak Limestone Member of Illinois; and the Joppa Member of Indiana with the Joppa Member of Illinois. Conodonts from these units represent the Gnathodus bilineatus-Cavusgnathus charactus Assemblage Zone (Rexroad and Fraunfelter, 1977, p. 94-97; Collinson, Rexroad, and Thompson, 1971, p. 383).
The Ste. Genevieve Limestone in the Illinois Basin is characterized by the crinoid Platycrinites penicillus Meek and Worthen and the brachiopod ,i>Pugnoides ottumwa (White), but both species are uncommon in Indiana (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). According to Mamet and Skipp (1971), the Ste. Genevieve correlates within foraminiferal Zone 15 and within the Visean Series (approximately Zone V3b) of European usage (Carr, Rexroad, and Gray, 1986). Carr, Rexroad, and Gray (1986) note that Mamet and Skipp’s samples are believed to have been collected, however, from the St. Louis Limestone in the Ste. Genevieve area of Missouri. The Ste. Genevieve more likely correlates, therefore, with foraminiferal Zone 16i (approximately V3c of European usage).
Carr, Rexroad, and Gray (1986) noted that although the lower boundary of the Ste. Genevieve is placed about 20 ft (6 m) below the Lost River Chert Bed, this bed was included in the St. Louis by Cumings (1922, p. 507) and was placed in the Horse Cave Member of the St. Louis by Woodson (1982). Woodson's Horse Cave includes much of the Fredonia as described by Carr, Rexroad, and Gray (1986) and contains conodonts found in the St. Louis Limestone not only at its type locality but also at the type locality of the Ste. Genevieve. These represent the Apatognathus scatenus-Cavusgnathus Assemblage Zone, which indicates a correlation of the lower Fredonia of Indiana usage with the upper part of the St. Louis Limestone and also indicates a hiatus within the Fredonia of Indiana (Rexroad and Fraunfelter, 1977, p. 85).
In 1990, Rexroad, Woodson, and Knox proposed a revision to the St. Louis Limestone-Ste. Genevieve Limestone boundary on outcrop in Indiana and placed the boundary at the contact of the dolomitic or muddy limestone (below) and the light-colored, cross-bedded oolitic limestone (above).
Economic Importance:
Industrial Minerals: Cement products from the Ste. Genevieve Limestone (Mississippian) include the following: Portland and masonry cement from a quarry in Putnam County (Shaffer, 2016).
Crushed stone products from the Ste. Genevieve Limestone (Mississippian) include the following: aglime, crushed stone, crushed stone for Portland masonry cement production, high-calcium limestone, hot and cold asphalt, industrial and agricultural uses, lime, pugmill material, riprap, scrubber stone, and manufactured sand from quarries in Crawford, Harrison, Lawrence, Monroe, Orange, Owen, and Putnam Counties (Shaffer, 2016).
Petroleum production: The following petroleum fields have produced oil from the Ste. Genevieve Limestone (Mississippian) in Indiana: Armstrong, Barker, Beaman East Consolidated, Belknap, Bicknell, Bicknell East, Black Chapel, Black River Consolidated, Blairsville, Boonville, Boonville South, Branchville, Bufkin West, Caborn Consolidated, Caborn West, Capehart, Carlisle, Carlisle North, Coalmont West, College Consolidated, Crunk, Darmstadt, Darmstadt North, Daylight, Decker, Degonia Springs North, Douglas, Duff, Edwardsport, Edwardsport North, Elliott, Elnora, Elnora Central, Elnora West, Eureka, Evansville, Fleener Consolidated, Fleener West, Folsomville, Folsomville East, Ford South, Fort Branch, Fort Branch West, Francisco Consolidated, Francisco North Consolidated, Francisco South Consolidated, French, Fritz Corner, Gentryville Consolidated, Glezen, Graham, Grandview, Grandview North Consolidated, Grandview West, Griffin Consolidated, Hardin Chapel, Harmon, Hatfield, Haubstadt East, Heilman East, Heilman South, Heusler Consolidated, Holland North, Huntingburg South, Hyatt, Ireland, Jasper, Jasper South, Lamott Consolidated, Lincoln Park, Little Rock, Lynn, Mariah Hill South, Martin, Midway Consolidated, Mill Park South, Mineral City, Monroe City Consolidated, Moseley, Mt. Carmel Consolidated, Mt. Carmel North, Mt. Vernon Consolidated, Mt. Vernon East, Mounts, Mounts North, Mumford Hills, Oakland City South, Oaktown, Odon South, Oliver South, Orrville, Owensville Consolidated, Owensville North Consolidated, Parker Consolidated, Patoka, Patoka East Consolidated, Patoka South, Paxton, Pikeville, Plainville, Plummer, Point, Poseyville, Powells Lake Consolidated, Prairie Creek, Princeton North Consolidated, Princeton West, Purcell North, Rahm, Rapture, Richland City Consolidated, Rock Hill, Rock Hill North, Rock Hill South, Rockport Consolidated, Rumble, St. Francisville Consolidated, St. James, St. Thomas Consolidated, Sandborn, Sandy, Santa Claus, Savah, Simpson Chapel, Smith Mills North, Solitude South, South Washington, Spencer Consolidated, Springfield Consolidated, Spurgeon Consolidated, Stanley, Stewartsville Consolidated, Stewartsville North, Tennyson North, Tri-County, Troy, Union-Bowman Consolidated, Vaughn Consolidated, Veale, Velpen, Vienna North, Vienna South, Vollmer, Wadesville West, Warrenton, Warrenton East, Warrenton North, Welborn Consolidated, Welborn North Consolidated, West Hovey, Westphalia, Westphalia South, Wheatland, Wheatland South, Wheatonville Consolidated, Wheatonville South, Winslow, and Zipp (Cazee, 2004).
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References:
Bates, R. E., 1932, Underground features of Sinking Creek, Washington County, Indiana: Indiana Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 41, p. 263-268.
Beede, J. W., Jackson, T. F., and Malott, C. A., 1915, Geology of the Bloomington quadrangle: Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources Annual Report 39, p. 190-312.
Carr, D. D., Leininger, R. K., and Golde, M. V., 1978, Crushed stone resources of the Blue River Group (Mississippian) of Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 52, 225 p.
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Cazee, J. T., 2004, Petroleum exploration, development, and production in Indiana during 2002: Indiana Geological Survey, Mineral Economic Series 49, 50 p.
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